Assessment Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessment Skills - Essay Example Then I can count the number of thoughts associated to each aspect of counseling. By conducting routine thought listing, I can assess the client progress (Hiebert, 1996). In self-monitoring method, â€Å"a simple rating scale or monitoring form is developed and clients use the form to track the variable under observation† (Hiebert, 1996). For example, if the changes in the self confidence level of a client have to be assessed, I can ask the client to make self-monitoring by providing him/her with index cards of which one side can be notified as positive and the other side as negative. The client can be asked to place check marks on both sides in connection with the moments in which he/she feels confident and not. These checkmarks can finally be compiled to assess the correlation between learning and impact outcomes. This method will increase self awareness in the client and thereby help increase self confidence also. Hiebert has listed the advantages of self-monitoring as follo ws: It can help identify factors affecting the client presenting problem, as well as provide a tangible indication of client change. If self-monitoring starts at the beginning of counseling, it can provide baseline data against which to compare change as well as evidence of client change across time.

The Effectiveness Of TV Advertising Essay Example for Free

The Effectiveness Of TV Advertising Essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Television and advertising have conjoined to form a powerful tool for marketing around the World. The growing influence of advertising and the impact of television have been concomitant. The power of advertising on television is indicated by the vast reach of the medium. The commonly quoted example is of World Cup Football Finals, when 2.84 million viewers watched television around the globe on 9 July 2006. In terms of the economy of advertising on television, the market in Canada alone is estimated at $ 5. 6 billion in 2005. The influence of television on students has been significant. Being a visual medium, the tube has the ability to attract even those who may not be particularly proficient with the language in which the program is being aired. The video can captivate the imagination and overcome the barrier of language.   Nanaimo is a small township with a large community of students with a proportionate number of international students which can provide significant inputs on the influence of television advertising on the community. The study thus envisages an examination of television advertisement as an effective medium of communication for influencing students, local and international of Nanaimo, British Columbia despite growth of alternative media such as the internet and mobile phones.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Malaspina University College is the main under graduate college in Nanaimo. This population is felt representative of a wide segment of the overall student universe in Nanaimo and will form a focus in the study. The impact of television advertising on students is based on psycho social factors which are difficult to quantify given the limitations of the study. Thus a realist approach was adopted combining both the positivist and interpretivism to a large extent. The research also had to rely on a large body of secondary sources which has constrained the same.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not with standing the above factors, there are firm indications to reveal that television continues to be the prime commercial as well as information medium for students. The, â€Å"tube† is the first point of contact and other sources are utilized as add on to supplement the information gained from television. Some of the drawbacks established of television as an advertising medium indicated that it needed repeated attempts to generate a recall in students. This was also supported by the Rand Study on impact of alcohol advertisements on students and young children. This makes spots on television relatively expensive, despite which the medium does have an edge over others amongst students. Thus the study conclusively proved the hypothesis that television advertisement is an effective medium of communication for influencing students, local and international of Nanaimo, British Columbia. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TV ADVERTISING ON STUDENTS IN NANAIMO, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA Introduction Advertising is generally referred to as promotional campaigns used by paying for communication distributed through a mass medium such as television. This marks the key difference between advertising and other forms of marketing such as sales promotion or public relations which do not use mass communications to advantage. (Cable Television, 2006). Advertising is a powerful medium for conveying the message to the target audience and over the years it is gathering importance for commercial, educational as well as social purposes. Television as a medium of advertising has had a long history. There has been intimate linkage between television and advertising since its inception in the 1950’s. While advertising has a long legacy dating back to ancient times, modern advertising has come of age only after the growth of television. The number of people watching television is far greater than all other mediums including new media such as the internet. The total volume of television viewers in Canada can be gauged by the number of people who watched the World Cup Football finals, reported as 2.84 million on 9 July 2006. This indicates the scope and vast reach of television. (Viewers on CTV, 2006). The financial volume of the TV broadcasting market can be seen from the $ 5.6 billion revenue that was generated in Canada in 2005 through this medium. Though this was the smallest year on year increase, yet it is considered significant to be a driver for the television and advertising industry. (Television Broadcasting, 2005). Despite the slow down which has affected all sectors of this segment such as conventional, pay and specialty television, this remains a mass medium of contact. Nanaimo is a small township which comprises of a highly integrated community. The large base of students represent one sixth of the total population. Television as well as other media such as the internet has made very deep inroads in the student community. The effectiveness of television advertising can be easily gauged through its impact on students, both local and international in Nanaimo. Students as a community are open to influence by media as television and to that extent the significance of the study is considerable. (Television Broadcasting, 2005). Problem Statement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The impact of television advertising on students needs deliberate analysis. There is very limited information on this issue, particularly in Nanaimo. As advertisement expenditure by companies has increased considerably definitive parameters to assess the impact of communication on the community of students need to be evolved. The growth of a large number of media such as the internet, mobile phone advertising, SMS and so on has also resulted in a number of channels available for distribution of advertisement content. The student community is progressive, is attuned to the future and can provide an educated and informed response. The trends observed in the student community also enable forecasting in the future. However there is a general tendency to neglect students as they do not represent a substantial marketing block possibly due to lower spending power than others. Given these considerations there is ample scope to analyze the best option for distribution of advertising content to the student community through television. As no major study on the subject is available, it is essential that this be undertaken with particular reference to a small community as Nanaimo, which can be suitably modeled for a larger population at the national and regional levels. The proportionately greater number of international students in Nanaimo also has an impact on effectiveness of advertisements. This issue can also be evaluated in detail as the same has also not received due attention so far.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hypothesis Statement. Television advertisement remains an effective medium of communication for influencing students, local and international of Nanaimo, British Columbia despite growth of alternative media such as the internet and mobile phones. Purpose of the Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study is focused on gauging effectiveness of television advertising on students in Nanaimo, British Columbia. The aim is to assess the impact of advertising on the student community in particular especially in the light of growth of parallel media such as internet, mobile messaging and so on. This study is proposed as a model to demonstrate the effectiveness of television advertising which could possibly be applied across the board to a larger audience. Thus though the focus is limited to Nanaimo, wide spread application is envisaged, in the state or national context as well as to the student community as a whole. This is particularly so as the study is based on research of secondary sources for greater universal applicability. The presence of international students in Nanaimo in sizeable numbers adds another dimension to the study which becomes increasingly relevant as more and more students from different parts of the World come down to Canada for education. Thus Canada is becoming a preferred destination particularly a small town as Nanaimo which offer international atmosphere, is easy to adjust to and is far less intimidating than larger cities and campuses to students from other countries. Thus the study proposes to establish the effectiveness of television advertising on local and international students in Nanaimo. Importance of the Study Television broadcasting market is highly valued. In Canada alone it is said to have generated revenue of $ 5.6 billion in 2005. (Television Broadcasting, 2005). A considerable advertisement amount is spent on television as it is regarded as a visually significant and challenging medium by both advertisers as well as viewers. The student community in particular is dependent on television as a major source of entertainment, education, social and recreational cues. Thus television advertisements targeted at the student community will provide significant benefits to advertisers. This being the prime medium for advertisement spends; correct targeting would result in optimum utilization of allotment for promotion by the companies.   It is also important that the spend is correctly focused to avoid superfluous expenditure as television advertising is expensive. Recognition of the impact on the target audience is thus important. While a nation wide model for the same may be of benefit to the advertisers, it would be cost prohibitive. On the other hand a review of a small student community as in Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, would enable assessment of the impact of television advertising at a very economical cost and can be further applied across the board. Thus the study is considered very important. References    Active Response. 1959. The Active Response Test of Television Commercials. The Marketing and Social Research Newsletter of the Psychological Corporation, Spring, 1959, 4. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.answers.com/topic/advertising. ( 14 July 2006). Bhatia, Tej K. 2000. Advertising in Rural India: Language, Marketing Communication, and Consumerism. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Tokyo Press: Japan. Cable Television. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://advertising.utexas.edu/research/terms/index.htmlCable Television. ( 15 July 2006). Charles F. Keown and Leslie Freundschuh. 1985. Alternative Advertising Formats for Cable Television. Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 8, (1): 175-186. Charles Atkin and Martin Block. 1983. Effectiveness of Celebrity Endorsers. Journal of Advertising Research, 23 (February/March): 57-61. H. Sandage. 1993. Roads to Be Taken, Center for the Study of Free Enterprise and Entrepreneurship, Graceland College, Iowa. Charles H. Patti and Charles F. Frazer. 1988. Advertising: A Decision-Making Approach. New York, NY: Dryden Press. Cotugna, N. 2006. The Hidden and Potent Effects of Television Advertising. 2006; 295: 1698-1699. City News. 2003. City News, Vol 1 No 1. January 2003. Core Student Values. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.mala.ca/campusrec/index.aspMalaspina Foundation. ( 14 July 2006). Dean Sharits and H. Bruce Lammers. 1983. Perceived Attributes of Models in Prime- Time and Daytime Television Commercials: A Person Perception Approach. Journal of Marketing Research, 20 (February): 64-73. 2004. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition . Houghton Mifflin. 1957. Unveils New Method to Pre-Test TV Commercials. Broadcasting-Telecasting, March 25, 1957, p. 32. Effective Advertising and Promotions Techniques. Nd. Internet WWW page at http://www.sba.gov/gopher/Business-Development/Business-Initiatives-Education-Training/Marketing-Plan/mkt6.txt,. ( 14 July 2006). 16.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fitzgerald, Brian. 2004. Product placement on television: pervasive and effective advertising, say COM profs. Internet WWW page at http://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2004/04-16/placement.htmlWOLV-TV Viewership:. ( 15 July 2006). Food For Thought. 1997. Internet WWW page at http://www97.intel.com/en/ProjectDesign/UnitPlanIndex/FoodForThought/food_form.htm. ( 15 July 2006). Four Techniques. 1952. Four Basic Radio and TV Research Techniques and Their Weaknesses (Fall, 1952), Sponsor, July 14, 1952, p. 206. Halve, Anand. 2005. Advertising : A User’s Manual for Students and Practitioners. London. Sage Publications, Inc Keys to Success, 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.mala.ca/foundation/keystosuccess.asp. ( 14 July 2006). Klein, Naomi. 2000. No Logo . London : Harper Collins. Krugman, Herbert. 1965. The Impact of Television Advertising: Learning Without Involvement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 29 (Fall), 349-56. Leon, Jose Luis. 1996. Los efectos de la publicidad. Barcelona: Ariel, Lynn R. Kahle and Pamela M. Homer. 1985. Physical Attractiveness of the Celebrity Endorser: A Social Adaptation Perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 11 (March): 954-961. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.exchangemagazine.com/XQuarterly/media.html. (16 July 2006). Media Literacy, 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.pbs.org/teachersource/media_lit/getting_started.shtm. (16 July 2006). 1958. The Answer to the Ratings Muddle. Sponsor, February 1, 1958, pp. 30-33. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaimo,_British_Columbia. (16 July 2006). Nanaimo, 2004. Dictionary Definition of Nanaimo The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Mo News Release. 2005. Shaw Communications Announced as First Community Partner for Vancouver Island Conference Centre. Internet WWW page at city.nanaimo.bc.ca. ( 14 July 2006). Thomas O’Guinn, Chris Allen and Richard J Semenik. 2006. Advertising and Integrated Brand Promotion with Infotrac. Thomson South – Western. Paul Surgi Speck, David W. Schumann, and Craig Thompson. 1987. Celebrity Endorsements Scripts, Schema and Roles: Theoretical Framework and Preliminary Tests. Advances in Consumer Research, 15: 69-76. 2006. Forging the Link Between Alcohol Advertising and Underage Drinking. Internet WWW page at http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/2006/RAND_RB9073.pdf. (29 July 2006). 2006. 94. A New Ruckus over Ratings Begins Broadcasting, Vol. 54, March 31, 1958, pp. 31-36. Roland T. Rust and Richard W. Oliver. 1994. The Death of Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 23(4): 71-77. 1954. Does Your Commercial Make Them Want to Buy?. Sponsor, October 4, 1954, p. 32. 1958. A New Way to Measure TV Commercial Effectiveness. Sponsor, June 28, 1958, Students, 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.mala.ca/HumanResources/about.asp. ( 14 July 2006). Television Broadcasting. 2005. Internet WWW page at http://www.exchangemagazine.com/XQuarterly/media.html. (16 July 2006). Thoughts About Future. 2001. Faculty of Advertising. University of Texas. At Austin. Internet WWW page at http://www.ciadvertising.org/studies/reports/future/future2.html. (16 July 2006). Towns, 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.vancouverisland.com/regions/towns/?townID=58. ( 14 July 2006). 2003. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.answers.com/topic/advertising. ( 14 July 2006). 1958. Countdown on Anit-TV Blast? Broadcasting, November 3, 1958, p. 38. Viewers on CTV. 2006. Internet WWW page at http://www.exchangemagazine.com/XQuarterly/media.html. (16 July 2006). Wayne S. DeSarbo and Richard A. Harshman. 1985. Celebrity-Brand Congruence Analysis. Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 8 (1): 17-52. Wernick, Andrew. 1991. Promotional Culture: Advertising, Ideology and Symbolic Expression (Theory, Culture Society S.). London: Sage Publications Ltd.

The Theme of Identity in Poetry :: Identity Digging Still I Rise The Barn Essays

The Theme of Identity in Poetry These three poems are all to do with the theme identity although I specifically choose three that contrasted with each other. Digging is portraying the identity of the three generations of digging, his father, grandfather and himself. ‘Explain how three poems concerned with developing personality, develop their themes’ For this essay I will be choosing three poems, which will help me compare and contrast how each develop their themes of identity. The three I will be choosing are: 1. Digging Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests: snug as a gun. Under my window, a clean rasping sound when the spade sinks into gravely ground: My father, digging. I look down till his straining rump among the flowerbeds Bends low, comes up twenty years away Stooping in rhythm through potato drills where he was digging. The coarse boot nestled on the lug, the shaft against the inside knee was levered firmly. He rooted out tall tops, buried the bright edge deep to scatter new potatoes that we picked Loving their cool hardness in our hands. By God the old man could handle a spade. Just like his old man. My grandfather cut more turf in a day than any other man on Toner's bog. Once I carried him milk in a bottle Corked sloppily with paper. He straightened up To drink it, then fell to right away Nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods Over his shoulder, going down and down For the good turf. Digging. The cold smell of potato mould, the squelch and slap of soggy peat, the curt cuts of an edge through living roots awaken in my head. But I've no spade to follow men like them. Between my finger and my thumb the squat pen rests. I'll dig with it. 2. Still I rise You may write me down in history with your bitter, twisted lies, you may tread me in the very dirt but still, like dust, I'll rise. Does my sassiness upset you? Why are you beset with gloom? 'Cause I walk like I've got oil wells pumping in my living room. Just like moons and like suns, with the certainty of tides, just like hopes springing high, still I'll rise. Did you want to see me broken? Bowed head and lowered eyes? Shoulders falling down like teardrops. Weakened by my soulful cries. Does my haughtiness offend you? Don't you take it awful hard 'Cause I laugh like I've got gold mines Digging' in my own back yard. You may shoot me with your words, you may cut me with your eyes, you may kill me with your hatefulness, but still, like air, I'll rise. Does my sexiness upset you? Does it come as a surprise that I dance like I've got diamonds

Comparing the American Dream in Great Gatsby and Glass Menagerie :: comparison compare contrast essays

The American Dream in The Great Gatsby and The Glass Menagerie  Ã‚      For centuries, men and women from all over the world have seen in America a place where they could realize their dreams. We each dream our own American Dream. For some it is a vision of material prosperity, for others it can be a feeling of secure and safe. It can be the dream of setting goals. It can be about social justice, as Martin Luther King Jr. gave the speech of   â€Å"I have a dream†, says, in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American Dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.   We believe in the American Dream because it does not fit with any temporary contentedness, rather it brings us the power for improvement and equality. However, why does the American Dream still fall? The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is considered as the representative of the decline of the American Dream, can give us some ideas of what it is about. The Great Gatsby describes the failure of American Dream, from the point of view that American political ideas conflict with actual conditions that exist. For whereas American democracy is based on the idea of equality among people, the truth is that social discrimination still exists and divisions among the classes cannot be overcome. Myrtle Wilson's attempt to break into the Buchanans fails at last. She struggles herself to fit into an upper social group, pretends to be rich and scorns people from her own class. She does all these because she wants to find a place for herself in Tom Buchanan's class but she does not succeed in doing so. Nearly all the characters in the story are materialistic and this included Fitzgerald himself. Fitzgerald mirrored his nation's new attitude toward money: he was considerably more interested in making and spending it than in accumulating it. This is exactly what Tom and Daisy Buchanan are behaving. The roaring twenties is immortalized as a time of entertainment a glamorous movie stars and singers, high fashion, leisure activities, numerous radio shows and parties. In Highlight of American Literature, Dean Curry writes: The Great Gatsby reflects Fitzgerald's deeper knowledge, his recognition that wanting to be happy does not insure one's being so and that pursuit of entertainment may only cover a lot of pain.

Blanche and Stanley in a Streetcar Named Desire Essay

Blanche and Stanley, two characters of Tenessee Williams’ play A Streetcar Named Desire, represent two very conflicting personalities. Stanley, Blanche’s sister Stella’s aggressive husband, portrays strong tones of anger, rage, and frustration. However, although his behavior is without a doubt over-bearing and rough, in a way he displays realism and truth as well. On the other hand, the play’s true protagonist Blanche exerts enthusiasm, spunk, and elaborate nostalgia. These characteristics don’t really come out in a positive or attractive way, but instead verify her insanity near the play’s end. Together, Blanche and Stanley represent true inner conflict, each in their own way, and the tension among the two is an exciting and driving force to be reckoned with. Stanley exudes the stereotypical â€Å"wife beater† husband of the 1930s. Dressed almost always in the era’s staple guiney-tee, his rash actions and aggressive episodes towards his wife are frightening to say the least. On the surface, he seems to despise the fact that Blanche is always around, intruding on his and Stella’s life together. Multiple times throughout the play he throws a fit, destructing the kitchen table, bedroom, or whatever he can get his hands on. His crudeness towards Stella is arguably a portrayal of his self-deemed superiority over women. However, despite his awful rage and somewhat abusive actions, Stanley amazingly represents a good trait as well. His morals are all about honesty, truthfulness, and realism. He really clashes with Blanche so much because she is so fixated on the past, and it drives him towards ultimate frustration because he’s such a realist. Each time Blanche brings up a thing of her past, he fills with rage and goes off on one of his trademarked episodes. Therefore, on the surface Stanley’s rough personality definitely is a tough wall to see past, but his actions really come from his â€Å"honesty policy†, and his realism. With that said, Blanche’s personality is uniquely opposite than the hard, rough, â€Å"real life† Stanley. Blanche is a beautiful woman of her mid-thirties who basically is experiencing a mid-life crisis a bit too early. Her â€Å"perfect life† comes crashing down after losing her young husband, estate, and money. With this, she can’t seem to really accept much in her current life, but instead lives through the past. By living with her sister, Stella, she imposes intrusion without really realizing it on her and Stanley’s lives, and even though she could start over and create a life of her own, she can’t really let go and move on. She is even proposed by Stanley’s sensitive poker friend Mitch, but she refuses him. Mitch represented to me Blanche’s last glimmer of hope, and when she denies him in marriage, the rest is a downward spiral. As the play progresses from there on out, Blanche’s sanity slowly deteriorates more and more. It becomes evident that she has a drinking problem, and liquor becomes her go-to aid for all mental problems she begins to have. One scene I found interesting was when she asked a young suitor who comes to her house to deliver something for a kiss. I felt in kissing this younger man she was testing her charm and lust skills, which she obviously believes to be useless and rusty, for lack of a better word. When the young man leaves and she quickly becomes embarrassed, it is established that she just isn’t the young girl she used to be, and that she must move on to make the most of what she is left with in life.

Holocaust Denial essays

Holocaust Denial essays Whoever wins the war write the books. This is a phrase, which by most, is casually regarded as true. However, there is one group of people that stringently believes that not only is this idea true, but to the point where it has assimilated conspiracies in order to develop sympathies for a race of people who have been historically outcast. Many books have been written about the horrifying atrocities that occurred in the concentration camps during World War II. It is said that an estimated six million Jews died at the hands of Adolph Hitler, in what is known as the Holocaust. Yet, despite all the literature out there, there are those who have come to be known as Holocaust deniers. Although they are not widely known, a mere blip on the radar screen, they have had quite an impact. So much so, that their ideals are illegal in Austria, France, Germany, Belgium, Israel, and Switzerland. Although its origins are slightly obscure, the first influential denier or revisionist was write r Paul Rassinier, who, beginning in the 1960s, wrote at least 4 books about the subject. It wasnt until the 1970s that this movement his its full strength, and in 1979 the Institute for Historical Review was founded, an organization solely dedicated to spreading the truth about the holocaust. The three pillars of Holocaust deniers are as follows: there were no gas chambers, the estimated number of six million murdered is a gross exaggeration of the truth, and that Hitler had no master plan. According to the textbooks, during the middle of WWII the Nazis needed a cheaper and more effective way to exterminate the Jews. They built new crematoriums, which were a combination of gas chambers and ovens. These gas chambers posed as showers. After loading them to their full capacity they would surprise their victims by showering them not with water, but with a gas named Zyklon B. Z...

How to Draw Contour Line Art 4 Key Steps

How to Draw Contour Line Art 4 Key Steps SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you heard about contour line art but aren’t sure what it is? The good news is that you’ve likely already made dozens, maybe even hundreds, of contour line drawings throughout your life without realizing it! Contour drawing is one of the easiest and most effective ways to improve your hand-eye coordination and drawing skills. In this guide, we explain what contour lines in art are and how you make contour line art. We also suggest different contour drawing exercises so you can keep improving your skills. What Is Contour Line Drawing? Contour line art is a method of drawing where you draw only the outline of an object, without any shading. â€Å"Contour† actually means â€Å"outline† in French, which is where the name comes from. For example, if you wanted to do a contour line drawing of a pear, you’d simply draw the outline of the pear, add a stem, and stop there. Some contour drawings will include outlines of important interior shapes (such as wrinkles in cloth or objects on a bookshelf), but contour drawings will never contain shading or minute details. Because you’re focusing on just the shape of an object and not any minor details, contour line art is a great drawing method for beginning artists as well as those looking for some quick drawing exercises. Children, as well as people without a lot of experience drawing, typically make contour line drawings without realizing it, simply because this method is one of the easiest and quickest ways to begin drawing. However, just because contour line art is easy to start doesn’t mean it’s only meant for beginner artists or those who don’t have the skills to do more detailed drawings. Contour line art has many uses, even for highly-experienced artists. Many artists will begin a project with a contour line drawing to get a quick sense of the piece’s composition, then they’ll later go back and add more details. Contour line art is also a good way to become more skilled at replicating the outline of an object and developing hand-eye coordination (which we’ll explain more about in the next section). If you can’t create strong and accurate outlines of an object, the piece will still look unfinished or slightly â€Å"off† even if you add in lots of details and embellishments. Professional artists have used contour art for centuries. Cartoonists often use contour art in their finished pieces, the ancient Greeks used it when decorating vases, and da Vinci frequently made contour line drawings when doing figure studies. It’s an essential skill that every artist should know and practice regularly. The image on the left is an example of contour line art. The image on the right is NOT because it includes shading. How to Draw Contour Lines in Art In order to get the most from your contour line drawing practice, follow these four steps when making contour art. Step 1: Choose What You’ll Draw and Gather Materials For your first contour drawing, we recommend choosing just one object to draw, as this will be easier to focus on than several objects. Put the object or place your seat in a spot where you have a clear view of the object. For materials, you’ll need a drawing tool (pencil or charcoal is most common), and paper or a sketchpad. If you’re using loose paper, you may want to tape it to something so it doesn’t move around while you’re drawing. Now you’re ready to begin! Step 2: Look at the Object It may surprise you to learn that, when you’re drawing contour lines, you want to spend most of your time looking at the object itself, not at your sketchpad. This can be really difficult when you first start doing it, but that’s the point! Contour drawing forces you to really notice and work to replicate the outline of an object. It trains your hand to follow what your eye sees. Start by spending about half your time looking at the object and half your time looking at your paper, and gradually work your way up to looking at the object 90% of the time. This will feel strange initially, and your first drawings will probably look a little wonky, but just keep practicing! As you develop your hand-eye coordination, it’ll feel much more natural, and your drawing skills will improve as a result. You also want to make sure that you’re capturing as much detail of the object’s outlines as possible. If there’s a notch or a warp in the object, make sure your drawing represents that. Contour art is all about replicating the form of an object as closely as possible. Step 3: Draw Long, Continuous Lines Many people new to contour art begin by drawing lots of short lines because they aren’t used to not looking at their paper, and they don’t want to make too big of a mistake by drawing a long line that doesn’t follow the object’s lines.However, you’ll improve your drawing skills more if you draw fewer, longer lines. Drawing longer lines, especially without looking at your paper, improves your hand-eye coordination and helps you become more confident when drawing. Step 4: Go Slow and Steady It can be tempting to rush through contour drawing exercises, especially if you’re used to drawing detailed pieces where the outline is only the first step. Remind yourself to slow down and concentrate on replicating the outline of the object as perfectly as you can. At the same time, don’t freeze up while you’re drawing. Especially when you first begin contour drawing, you may feel tempted to take breaks to compare your drawing to the actual object. Resist this urge! Remember, you want to spend very little time looking at your paper and more time looking at the object. Just concentrate on closely observing the object, keep drawing steadily, and pause and critique your work once you’ve finished. There’s no â€Å"correct† amount of time to spend on a contour drawing, and it’ll likely depend on what you’re drawing. However, about 5 to 20 minutes per drawing is average. Contour Line Drawing Practice Exercises Now it’s time to put all this new art knowledge to the test! In this section are eight contour line drawing exercises you can do to improve your drawing and observation skills. #1: Make a Contour Drawing of Your Hand If you aren’t sure where to start with contour line art, start with something right in front of you! Hands are a very common object to do a contour drawing of, so once you finish, you can look online or in art books for lots of other examples of contour drawings of hands to compare to your own piece. When you’re drawing, remember to aim to look at your paper only 10% of the time. #2: Copy a Contour Line Drawing by Another Artist If you’re still getting the hang of contour art and are not quite sure how to tackle a real-world object, start by replicating another artist’s contour line drawing. Remember to look more at the object than at your paper, and focus on replicating the lines as closely as possible. #3: Do a Blind Contour Drawing A blind contour drawing means that you don’t look at your paper at allnot even for a single secondfrom the time you begin your drawing until the time you finish. Cover your canvas or sketchpad if you need to.Expect your drawing to look a little funny, especially if it’s your first time doing a blind drawing, but this is a great way to improve those hand-eye-coordination skills and learn to really focus on whatever it is you’re drawing. #4: Draw the Outline of an Object With One Continuous Line This takes the concept of drawing long lines even further. For this exercise, you’ll draw the object in one continuous line, never lifting your pencil from the paper until the outline is complete. Again, these drawings will look strange at first, but as you practice, you’ll improve your drawing skills and your ability to recreate the lines you see in real life. #5: Make Five Contour Line Drawings in Less Than One Minute Each Sometimes you just need a quick exercise to get your creative juices flowing, and contour art, because it doesn’t get into the details of objects, is great for this. This exercise involves drawing five contour line pieces in less than five minutes. You can draw five different objects, draw the same object five times, or a combination. Because you’re only spending a minute on each object, you’ll need to be able to replicate its form quickly but accurately. #6: Draw an Object You Know Really Well Choose something you’re very familiar with, such as a favorite childhood toy, the dresser that you’ve looked at every day of your life, or even a pet or friend, and make a contour line drawing of the object. This may be harder than you think. Because you know the object so well, you may be tempted to add in lots of detail, but remember, contour art focuses on the outer edges of the object. This is a good way to remember what’s important in contour art and what you don’t include. #7: Use Cross Contouring to Add Dimension Cross-contour lines are a way to add depth to your contour drawings without adding shading. To add them, you’ll draw parallel lines that run across the object, similar to those you might see on a topographic map.See examples here. Cross-contour lines will help improve your observational skills and learn more about the rules of perspective by requiring you to pay close attention to the outlines of an object and how the lines run across it. The parts of the object that are closer to you will have cross-contour lines closer together, while the more distant parts of the object will have lines further apart. #8: Draw an Object That's Upside Down Once you’ve gotten the hang of contour line art, try drawing an object upside down! You won’t be able to rely on your memory as much since the object will be flipped, so this will exercise really force you to pay attention to the object’s form as you observe it. Summary: Contour Line Art Contour line definition art is a great way for any artist, whether beginning or advanced, to hone their drawing and observation skills. Contour line drawing involves only drawing the outline of an object, without any shading. When you do contour lines in art, you should spend the majority of the time looking at the object, not your paper, in order to improve your hand-eye coordination and really get a good sense of what the object looks like. Once you feel comfortable with the basics, there are many contour line art exercises you can try out to keep growing your skills! What's Next? Are you making an art portfolio to apply to art schools?Check out our guide to learn everything your art portfolio must include to stand out from the crowd! Now that you know how to create a portfolio, are you wondering what art programs you should apply to? Check out our guide on the best art schools in the United States! Want more drawing exercises? We have a guide with over 100 drawing ideas to keep your artistic skills sharp! Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Christine Sarikas About the Author Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Green Technology Essay Example

Green Technology Essay Example Green Technology Essay Green Technology Essay GREEN TECHNOLOGY Green Technology Abstract For the past 10 years global warming has become an increased issue throughout the world. With the help of advances in green technology our world can slowly reach towards becoming not only healthier and more live able it also will help diminish global warming as we know it. Whether at home, in our workplace or at school we all can do our part in ensuring that this will happen. Scientist and the government have made it possible to use many green technologies to aid us in the process. Green technology is said to become one of the biggest movements that there is. Even with being off to a slow start, many see that there are forward advancements made during the process. Some of these technologies are; recycling, water purification, renewable energy and solid waste management just to name a few. Green Technology is the future of our society. Green Technology What is Green Technology? Green technology is the application of the environmental science and green chemistry to conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement. ( wikipedia. org) The goals of green technology are: ( reen-technology. org/what. htm) * Sustainability meeting the needs of society in ways that can continue indefinitely into the future without damaging or depleting natural resources. In short, meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. * Cradle to cradle design ending the cradle to grave cycle of manufactured products, by creating products that can be fully reclaime d or re-used. * Source reduction reducing waste and pollution by changing patterns of production and consumption. Innovation developing alternatives to technologies whether fossil fuel or chemical intensive agriculture that have been demonstrated to damage health and the environment. * Viability creating a center of economic activity around technologies and products that benefit the environment, speeding their implementation and creating new careers that truly protect the planet. Though these are the four major goals to green technology, one of the primary goals of the United States is that we are able to preserve natural resources. By doing so people will see a major change in the world pollution, status and overall wellbeing. : There are many types of green technology but below are four major types: * Energy: a supply or source of electrical, mechanical, or other form of power * Building: a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a buildings life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition. * Preferred purchasing: the use of a variety of techniques that enable a consumer to fund products and a manufacturer to find methods of production that have the least negative impact to the environment. General conduct of environmentally preferred purchases will prompt producers and sellers to shift to the green side of the market. * Chemistry: Green chemistry is the application of chemical products that eliminates harm to the environment. * Nanotechnology: the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. The United States is one of world’s largest producers of trash. Trash is calculated out to be 1,609 pounds of trash per person, per year. Recycling is a green technology that takes old materials to make new products. Since recycling opened its doors in 1896 more and more households have taken to the trend to recycle, even though the U. S. only recycles 28 percent of its waste. From 1980-2005, the amount of waste increased 60 percent. From 2007 to 2009, the amount of waste decreased from 255 million tons to 243 million tons. (EPA, 2009) Though still a lot of waste we are on our way to a new recycle trend. Not only does recycling help save raw materials and energy, it frees up a lot of space in our landfills. Old paper is being used for computer paper, books, paper plates, paper towels and toilet paper. According to The Public Recycling Officials of Pennsylvania, for every ton of paper that is recycled, the following are saved: 17 trees 275 pounds of sulfur 350 pounds of limestone 9,000 pounds of steam 60,000 gallons of water 225 kilowatt hours 3. 3 cubic yards of landfill space Practically every hour, nearly 250,000 plastic bottles are thrown out, and takes up to 700 years to decompose. (EPA, 2009) Plastic contributes close to 50 percent of recyclable waste in the dumps. Glass is one of the few products that can be recycled again and again. But when it does end up in landfills it will never decompose. (EPA, 2009) Those facts were just a few to a million that are available and shocking to read. Waste management was created to help save our planet and encourage everyone to be smart and recycle to help do so. With the threat of global warming more households and businesses are turning to geothermal and solar power. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. (Department of Energy. ) With the sun being the largest power plant solar power statistics show that we only use 0. 01 percent of it for our electrical functions. Solar power being a renewable source we will never have to worry about it ever running out. The daily energy that we could get from the sun is around 700 times greater per day than other source that generates electricity combined. Using solar power along with other methods will make a drastic change in pollution levels. Wind Power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships. (Gwec. net) The top ten wind power countries and their wind power capacity as of February 2011 are as follows: 1. United States 40,180 2. United Kingdom 5,204 3. Spain 20,676 4. Italy 5,797 5. India 13,066 6. Germany 27,215 7. France 5,660 8. Denmark 3,734 9. China 44,733 10. Canada 4,008 Since the wind depends on the sun wind power is a type of solar energy. As long as the sun is shining wind power is an unlimited source of energy. Wind energy is one of the lowest priced energy sources, costing 4 to 6 U. S. cents per kilowatt hour. This price has drastically dropped since the 1980’s due to technological advances. The only downside to wind power is that you need constant wind to blow to get constant power from it. No wind no power. Hydroelectricity is the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. (Energy Information Administration international statistics database) It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. According to the most recent statistics from the Energy Information Administration (EIA), in 2006 hydroelectricity contributed 2,997 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity to states around the world. All other renewable energy sources such as geothermal, solar, wind, contributed 414. 31 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity. Water is in the lead for the most used renewable resource. Top Ten Hydroelectricity Producing States in 2006 (Billion Kilowatt hours) China 431. 43 Canada 351. 85 Brazil 345. 32 United States 289. 25 Russia 173. 65 Norway 118. 21 India 112. 46 Japan 84. 90 Venezuela 81. 29 Sweden 61. 11 If people took the time to think of their actions, the Earth would not have to struggle so much. We are losing rain forests, wetlands, coral reefs, and much more, at substantial rates and have no way to get them back to normal again. Once they are gone, they’re gone for good. In closing go green, don’t just sit back and watch our world die. References www. eia. doe. gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epates. html www. statcan. gc. ca/pub/57-001-x/57-001-x2003001-eng. pdf environment-green. com/Green_Technology. html green-technology. org/what. htm americanelements. com/AEgreentechnology. html http://whitney05. hubpages. com/hub/Green-Technology brighthub. com/environment/green-computing/articles/112553. aspx Ashford Writing Center Ashford Online Library

Favorite television show ( Beverly Hills 90210) Essay

Favorite television show ( Beverly Hills 90210) - Essay Example However, they were balanced with fun, friendship, family affection, and group bonding. The main characters were the Walsh twins Brenda and Brandon, Kelly, Dylan, Steve, David, and Andrea. It all started when Brenda and Brandon’s family transferred from Minneapolis to California. From there, it was an exciting roller coaster ride in the lives of these rich teenagers. What I liked best was the love triangle between Brenda, Kelly, and Dylan. Brenda was played by Shannen Doherty while Kelly was played by Jennie Garth. Both girls had different but charming personalities. Dylan was played by Luke Perry who seemed to be a typical guy who can get into a flirtatious fling with a blonde like Kelly while he was still in a relationship with Brenda. This seemed to have highlighted how teenagers tend to get too serious with boy-girl relationships at times and end up getting deeply hurt. From here, I learned that physical attraction is less important compared with establishing a relationship with the opposite that is based on friendship and mature love. On the other hand, Beverly Hills 90210 also presented the experimentation that is typical of individuals in this developmental stage. The characters tried smoking, drinking, heavy petting, drugs and other wild adventures. In one episode that showed their prom night the girls Kelly, Donna, and Brenda sipped too much punch. Donna, the values-oriented adolescent in the group, got really drunk after the event. In the meantime, when Brenda returned from her trip to Paris she started to indulge in smoking. Dylan, the typical cool guy, battled with his drinking sprees. After 10 seasons, Beverly Hills 90210 ended but the memories will always be a significant part of the teenage years of those who watched the show. Meanwhile, the commercials on television that were shown during the air time of Beverly Hills 90210 focused on

Summary of the Adventure in the human Spirit Essay

Summary of the Adventure in the human Spirit - Essay Example The book further clarifies the correlation in western cultural and music and how the society portrays the women who participate in music and other work of arts. Adventure in the human Spirit is a book that was written with a view of assisting students or scholars with insufficient knowledge and background in the arts and humanities. Adventure in the human spirit provides a sensible introduction to the major arts, religion and philosophy in the arena of visual arts and film studies. The author tries to integrate the knowledge of arts in the concept of humanities to help students become more conversant with the ways of acquiring knowledge in the arts and humanities. This implies that the students will be well-informed and hence will have the capacity to blend critically and properly with their society, culture and history. The focal point of on core ideas and issues with respect to human experience promotes appreciation of the function of the knowledge and values in curving and appreci ating human behavior and conduct. The study on humanity also emphasize on the duties and opportunities of any democratic citizenry , underscoring the importance of the creative arts of any literature material, music, theater and arts and inform us to essential issues that take place within the society in a progressively interconnected and interdependent world. Based on humanities, this text handles the concept of humanity by centering on the principles styles, events, figures and movements as it chronologies these aspects of life from the past life to the present date. It brings the early life by entailing valid and authentic records or documents of events, figures or movement as they take place in day to day activities. The concept of humanities is also underscored in this text via relative global approach, through instances of existing literature on philosophies and music. In fact on the basis of music, it highlights how women and other minority artists contribute to the music ind ustry in their effort to find out the wealth of humanities imbedded in their lives. The book also clarifies the spirit of decoration through the spirit of Baroque illustrating how the western culture embraced the concept of beauty through decoration and beautification of their work of arts. In essence, this books tries to be more readable and understandableamong the scholars particularly among the students who wish to gather more knowledge and concept on humanity. Given that it summarizes the historical advancement in the field of religion, arts, science and philosophy, basing its coverage on the western world, with focus on the relationship between the ideas and the cultural creation, the conciseness and coherence of this text compared to other existing literature proves that this book is determined to invite readers into a thoughtful and lifelong conversation with the humanities. According to Bishop The most pronouncing advancement of this text is the incorporation of color photog raphs nearly in every page which actually is a benefit to students and readers who have a specific interest on the concept of visual arts in depth. In Chapter 2, through the spirit of enlightenment, this text highlights the civilizations and progress as it considers our perspective of human progress and development with respect to the invention of skepticismand empiricism. These concepts also underscore proper understanding of the philosophical roots of the contemporary scientific approach or attitude. Based on Chapter (12) and chapter (13)the Bishop introduce scholars and students to philosophical concepts

Zappos Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Zappos - Case Study Example Customers are able to track the inventory of Zappos online. 2. Zappos creates superior customer experiences through do the unexpected. The company believes that customers who are shocked by the service that they receive will want to stay loyal to the brand for a long time. This also has a knock-on effect of picking up new customers who hear of the service quality offered by Zappos. Word-of-mouth marketing is an important tool that Zappos can use to attract new customers. 3. Quality management is an important part of the sales process for Zappos because the customer has a minimum demand for service. Zappos can only meet that demand by making sure that its customers are satisfied with the products they receive. Secondly, process design is also another important part of the service on offer because quality goods and services can only be offered to customers if the right inputs have been included in designing, procuring, and marketing the product or service effectively. Thirdly, service encounter design forms a crucial part of the Zappos experience because interactions between employees and customers can determine the success of the brand as a whole. Also, whenever a customer is not satisfied with the level of service shown by Zappos, the company needs to go beyond the normal level of service to regain the trust of the

Science and its Impact on Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science and its Impact on Society - Essay Example However, in the recent past, there has been a growing awareness among society that the effects of science and related research are not always beneficial. The perception amongst people is that science will only lead to the destruction of nature eventually. That no matter what advancement in technology is enjoyed; the harmful effect on our planet in the name of research and science is increasingly being felt. Only those aspects of science receive attention in society which suit the goals or which inspire awe - this indicates that people at large read science because it serves their purpose or because the subject is topical, sensational or controversial. At most, only a handful read science for the sake of the knowledge it might impart. Much research is required to identify those subjects so that science could be made more popular and effective. Science was a great investment towards a better life and this resulted in the discovery of light waves and radio waves, the electric motors, the first photograph and telephone, and the first publication of the periodic table. There was also great controversy when Charles Each society is faced with the challenge of keeping its proper place in a world defined by economic and political change. Knowledge, in particular science, technology and innovation, is indispensable to meet this challenge. Scientific and technological progress results in new innovations that are an integral part of international competitiveness. This translates into what the society's needs and aspirations are, such as peace, jobs, security, health and sustainable development of the planet. Viewing science from two angles: The benefits are many: medical advancements have saved many lives; internet and increased access to information is definite; research in the field of weather has led to the predictions of storms and the study of astronomy has given society knowledge of the formation of Earth and of the solar system. The adverse effects are: The medicines prescribed come with their own side effects; and nuclear technology! This scientific knowledge has helped in creating bombs which are used for massacres and gruesome killings; it has also been used for energy, releasing radiation which causes medical problems to many. Factors controlling the usage of science: The relationship between science, controlled by the government, and society is a hostile one because the society that enjoys benefits of science cannot do anything to prevent the side-effects of science - it is powerless to take action to curb the harmful turn of events that result from science; especially more so if the science is

Government Policies to Regulate Sex Tourism in Thailand Research Paper

Government Policies to Regulate Sex Tourism in Thailand - Research Paper Example Government Policies to Regulate Sex Tourism in Thailand Sex tourism gets its popularity from the acute unemployment and poverty in the destination country. Edwards (2012) argues that sex tourism is a multibillion dollar sector that offers support to an international workforce of over 50 million people. The sex industry also benefits the service industry including hotels, restaurants, airlines, and transport industries. Sex tourism is often associated with males and various nations have become preferred destinations for sex tourists, such as, Brazil, Thailand, Indonesia, and Colombia among others (Harrison, 2010). Among these nations, Thailand is at the center of sexual tourism worldwide with Pattaya, Bangkok, and Phuket the major sex tourism destinations. There are about 2 million sexual workers in Thailand. Of the 59 million Thai population, over a half a million people are infected with HIV/AIDS. This is primarily attributed to sex trade. In this perspective, the paper will discuss what the government of Thailand should do in relation to the continuing practice of sex tourism as a dominant form of tourism to its country. People who travel so as to engage in sexual activity are subject to the prostitution laws of that destination nation. However, when the sexual activity is non-consensual or involves child prostitution it is illegal both in the individual’s home country and the participating nation. Sex tourists interact indiscriminately with various sex partners of their choice irrespective of their age.

Science and its Impact on Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science and its Impact on Society - Essay Example However, in the recent past, there has been a growing awareness among society that the effects of science and related research are not always beneficial. The perception amongst people is that science will only lead to the destruction of nature eventually. That no matter what advancement in technology is enjoyed; the harmful effect on our planet in the name of research and science is increasingly being felt. Only those aspects of science receive attention in society which suit the goals or which inspire awe - this indicates that people at large read science because it serves their purpose or because the subject is topical, sensational or controversial. At most, only a handful read science for the sake of the knowledge it might impart. Much research is required to identify those subjects so that science could be made more popular and effective. Science was a great investment towards a better life and this resulted in the discovery of light waves and radio waves, the electric motors, the first photograph and telephone, and the first publication of the periodic table. There was also great controversy when Charles Each society is faced with the challenge of keeping its proper place in a world defined by economic and political change. Knowledge, in particular science, technology and innovation, is indispensable to meet this challenge. Scientific and technological progress results in new innovations that are an integral part of international competitiveness. This translates into what the society's needs and aspirations are, such as peace, jobs, security, health and sustainable development of the planet. Viewing science from two angles: The benefits are many: medical advancements have saved many lives; internet and increased access to information is definite; research in the field of weather has led to the predictions of storms and the study of astronomy has given society knowledge of the formation of Earth and of the solar system. The adverse effects are: The medicines prescribed come with their own side effects; and nuclear technology! This scientific knowledge has helped in creating bombs which are used for massacres and gruesome killings; it has also been used for energy, releasing radiation which causes medical problems to many. Factors controlling the usage of science: The relationship between science, controlled by the government, and society is a hostile one because the society that enjoys benefits of science cannot do anything to prevent the side-effects of science - it is powerless to take action to curb the harmful turn of events that result from science; especially more so if the science is

Biodiversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biodiversity - Research Paper Example The disturbance in the balance is due to the disturbance in the food chain. Like in a forest ecosystem, none of the animal is valueless; lamas, zebras, buffaloes and deer are eaten by tigers, lions, leopards and jaguars. If the ecosystem faces the extinction of the lions, tigers, jaguars or leopards, the number of lamas, zebras, buffaloes and deer increase rapidly and thus there would be low food resources for them and animal will die from diseases, which will make the ecosystem unhealthy. Natural Alteration in the Ecosystem Natural occurrences like earthquakes, droughts, etc have heavy impact on the ecosystems. Natural occurrences can produce alterations to the ecosystem. Like the droughts become a reason for the shortage of food (Shah, 2011). The shortage of food may bring some of the creatures to extinct. However, some of the alterations are good for the environment and some of the alterations are worst in terms of extinctions of some of the creatures. Importance of Biodiversity B iodiversity is often considered to have no linkage with the economic sustainability. However, environmental sustainability is often thought to have a connection with the biodiversity. In fact, biodiversity is connected to economic as well as environmental sustainability (Shah, 2012). It can provide food, water and a healthy atmosphere. A decline in the biodiversity of the planet would bring many problems. Biodiversity, Food Resources and Economics Most of the food resources come from the biological resources. If the biological resources regarding the food become less, then there would be a lot of hunger and disease. In this way, it is almost impossible without the utilization of food resources. The economics of a country are largely linked the production and utilization of the food resources. The more the food resources a country has, the more food there will be to export and earn money, to boost the economy. Results show that forty percent of the world’s economy is dependent on the biological resources. However, paper, textile and timber industry will also remain incomplete without preserving biodiversity. In this way, industrial economy depends much on biodiversity, while tourism increase due to forests and preserved marine life. Biodiversity and Medicine Biodiversity has much importance in terms of medicines, as most of the medicines come from the plant and animal sources. The medicines like coniine, etc, which is utilized in the malarial disease come from the plant. The research and development in the field of medicine is totally incomplete without biological resources. In this way biological resources have much importance in the field of medicines. Biodiversity and Climate Change Climate change is one of the biggest threats to the biodiversity of the planet. Some creatures like coral are much sensitive to the small change in the temperature and a little increase in the temperature could become a cause of the death of coral reefs. Coral are importan t in providing many fish and some other marine creatures a shelter and thus extinction of the coral means the extinction of many other species too (Harris, 2012). However, the protection of the biodiversity can only be a factor in controlling the climate change, as the major

Card Game Essay Example for Free

Card Game Essay The study was commenced inside the Computer Shop at Dasmarinas, Cavite. After we discussed our first topic we planned to come up with a Card Game as our second topic for the sake of our thesis project in Software Engineer Subject. We picked Card Game as our second topic because we feel that it’s more challenging rather than hunting some companies around Dasmarinas. Some of the reasons why we picked Card Game as our second topic are because in this topic we own our time performing the codes of the program any time before the day of our defence without such pressure. Statement of the Problem From some of the research and data we gathered. We found a few application and websites that is running a similar online game like our propose topic. From what weve seen some major problem that they have is that the game is not quite user friendly. Its difficult to use the control. Because of the lack of visual control buttons. There is also limitation on how many game can it accommodates at the same time. Of course keeping the gamers idle for so long they might lose interest in the game Research Objectives The Objectives of this research is to develop a game that will be entertaining and at the same time, a game that will be educational that may enhance thinking and decision-making skill in the following ways: * To make unique cards in the game that will allow diversity for the players to think of their own strategy. * To ensure that players will have no advantage against each other by making cards balance. * To allow multiplayer (online) for players to play against each other in different parts of the world. Significance of the Study Cardfight vanguard is a trading card game there are also people who wants to experience playing this game but doesnt have the luxury of buying the needed cards and also looking for people to play with. Since people now are more often browsing the internet people who want to play Vanguard can play the game without buying the necessary cards needed and having to worry of looking for someone to play with. Conceptual Framework * PHP Hypertext Preprocessor. * Randomized * Easy access * Less hassle Electronic Trading Card Game The model above explains on what and how will be the process of the study. Trading Card Game is a game played using specially designed sets of playing cards. While trading cards have been around for longer, TCGs (Trading Card Games) combine the appeal of collecting with strategicgameplay, but in our study we will do it in a different way by using PHP Hypertext Pre-processor as our scripting language for this study and for our main function for this logical game is the random() function. The researchers will assure an easy access program for the user and it lessens hassle because rather than bringing your deck of cards using your bare hands, just bring your portable computer and start playing the game on your most comfortable place.

Fuel Metering System In Si Engines

Fuel Metering System In Si Engines Carburetor: is a device which is used in automobiles, with spark ignition engines, for the purpose of fuel metering, i.e. to mix the appropriate amount of fuel with the incoming air which is to be supplied to the engine cylinders. The basic principle upon which the carburetor works is flow of air through the venturi. The fuel enters the carburetor through the air filter, which filters the air to remove any dust particles in the air; passing through the choke valve it enters the venturi (a converging-diverging nozzle), where due to decrease in cross-sectional area, the velocity of the air increases, decreasing the pressure in that area. A decrease in the pressure results in fuel flowing out of the float chamber and mixing with the air, hence forming an air-fuel mixture. Figure . Cross-sectional view of a basic carburetor Basic Requirements: In a spark ignition engine the torque and power output of the engine is controlled by controlling the amount of air-fuel mixture that enters the engine cylinder; and this is done by incorporating a butterfly valve (throttle valve) in the carburetor. In order to achieve complete combustion inside the engine cylinder and avoid the wastage of fuel into the exhaust, a stoichiometric mixture is required; which is a mixture that contains precise proportions of fuel and air required for the complete combustion of both the fuel and the air, which is equally important. In gasoline engines, this ratio is around 15:1. Even if this ratio is achieved, practically the mixture is still not combusted completely owing to the extremely short time available to the air-fuel mixture for combustion. The air-fuel mixture is unable to form a completely homogenous mixture resulting in exhaust gases containing traces of oxygen, carbon monoxide and some unburned and partially burnt fuel. The range of air-fuel ratio for ignitable mixture varies from 18:1 to around 7:1. The basic purpose of using a carburetor is to: Measure the airflow of the engine Deliver the correct amount of fuel to keep the air-fuel mixture in the proper range Mix the air and fuel finely and evenly The proper air-fuel mixture is required to be delivered to the engine cylinder at the various commonly faced conditions during the vehicle operation, namely: Cold start Hot start Idling or slow-running Acceleration High speed/high power at full throttle Cruising at part throttle The deficiencies of the elementary/early carburetor: At low loads the mixture becomes leaner; the engine requires the mixture to be enriched at low loads. At intermediate loads, the mixture equivalence ratio increases slightly as the air flow increases. The engine requires an almost constant equivalence ratio. As the air flow approaches the maximum wide-open throttle value, the equivalence ratio remains essentially constant. However, the mixture equivalence ratio should increase to 1.1 or greater to provide maximum engine power. The elementary carburetor cannot compensate for transient phenomena in the intake manifold. Nor can it enrich the mixture during engine starting and warm-up. The elementary carburetor cannot adjust to changes in ambient air density (due primarily to changes in altitude). Modern Carburetor Design: The changes required in the elementary carburetor for better and more efficient performance are: The main metering system must be compensated to provide essentially constant lean or stoichiometric mixtures over the 20 to 80 percent air flow range. An idle system must be added to meter the fuel flow at idle and light loads. An enrichment system must be added so the engine can provide its maximum power as wide-open throttle is approached. An accelerator pump which injects additional fuel when the throttle is opened rapidly is required to maintain constant the equivalence ratio delivered to the engine cylinder. A choke must be added to enrich the mixture during engine starting and warm-up to ensure a combustible mixture within each cylinder at the time of ignition. Altitude compensation is required to adjust the fuel flow to changes in air density. It is also necessary to increase the magnitude of the pressure drop available for controlling the fuel flow. Figure . Modern Carburetor design Basic Working and different parts of the Carburetor: Figure . Simple Carburetor with additional basic features 1) Float 2) Float needle 3) Float chamber 4) Main jet 5) Air tunnel(venture) 6) Throttle plate ( a. no-load operation) b. partial load; c. full load) 7) Air correction nozzle 8) Mixing tube 9) Mixing tube holes 10) Enrichment pipe 11) Jet (calibrated drilling) 12) No-load operation fuel nozzle 13) Idle run air duct 14) Idle mixture adjustment screw 15) Bypass drilling 16) Accelerator pump 17) Choke (for cold start) 18) Ventilation A carburetor basically consists of an open pipe, a throat/barrel through which the air passes into the inlet manifold of the engine. The pipe is in the form of a venturi; it narrows in section and then widens again, causing the airflow to increase in speed in the narrowest part. Below the venturi is a butterfly valve called the throttle valve (a rotating disc that can be turned end-on to the airflow), so as to hardly restrict the flow at all, or can be rotated so that it almost completely blocks the flow of air. This valve controls the flow of air through the carburetor throat and thus the quantity of air/fuel mixture the system will deliver, thereby regulating engine power and speed. The throttle is connected, usually through a cable or a mechanical linkage of rods and joints or rarely by pneumatic link to the accelerator pedal on a car or the equivalent control on other vehicles or equipment. Fuel is introduced into the air stream through small holes at the narrowest part of the venturi and at other places where pressure will be lowered when not running on full throttle. Fuel flow is adjusted by means of precisely-calibrated orifices, referred to as jets. Idle circuit: As the throttle plate is opened slightly from the fully closed position, the additional fuel delivery passages are uncovered behind the throttle plate. The low pressure area is created due to the throttle plate blocking the air flow; this allows more fuel to flow as well as compensating for the reduced vacuum that occurs when the throttle is opened. This smoothens the fuel flow through the jets when moving from closed throttle position to the open throttle circuit. This circuit plays its role when the engine is running on no load condition or is known as idling. The air enters from the idle run air duct, certain amount of fuel is mixed with this air depending on the no-load operation fuel nozzle and then goes into the intake manifold through the idle mixture screw path. This idle mixture screw is adjusted to regulate the amount of air-fuel mixture when idling. Main open-throttle circuit: When the throttle is opened, the vacuum inside the manifold decreases due to decreased restriction in the airflow. This reduces the flow through the idle and off-idle circuits. The airflow through the throat increases, and in accordance with the Bernoullis principle the pressure drops in the throat and the fuel flow through the jet, which is placed in the centre of the venturi, increases. Similarly, when the throttle is closed, the airflow through the venturi drops till the point when the lowered pressure is insufficient to maintain the fuel flow, and the idle circuit takes over. At times booster venturis are used to enhance the fuel flow out of the jet and into the air stream. Accelerator Pump: The inertia of the liquid gasoline is more than that of the air, which shows that when the throttle is opened suddenly during sudden acceleration, the amount of air that will flow would be far greater than the amount of fuel flow resulting in a temporary lean mixture, causing the engine to stumble under acceleration. This is not a desirable effect. In order to eliminate this unwanted effect, a small mechanical pump usually of diaphragm type is employed. It propels a small amount of gasoline through a jet, from where it is injected into the carburetor throat. This extra shot of fuel counteracts the transient lean condition during sudden acceleration. The accelerator pump is also used to prime the engine with fuel prior to a cold start. Excessive priming, like an improperly-adjusted choke, can cause flooding. This is when too much fuel and not enough air are present to support combustion. For this reason, some carburetors are equipped with an unloader mechanism: The accelerator is held at wide open throttle while the engine is cranked, the unloader holds the choke open and admits extra air, and eventually the excess fuel is cleared out and the engine starts. Choke: when the engine is cold, the fuel does not vaporize properly, instead it condenses on the walls of the intake manifold, and hence very little fuel is delivered to the cylinders. This makes it difficult for the engine to start. This calls for the need of a richer mixture to start and run the engine until it warms up, as the richer mixture is easier to ignite. Figure . Cross-sectional view of a choke To provide the extra fuel, a choke is typically used. It is a device that restricts the flow of air at the entrance to the carburetor, before the venturi. With this restriction in place, extra vacuum is developed in the carburetor barrel, which pulls extra fuel through the main metering system to supplement the fuel being pulled from the idle circuit. This provides the rich mixture required to sustain operation at low engine temperatures. Even in this era of advanced technology, cars like Suzuki Mehran still employ a choke which is connected to a pull-knob on the dashboard operated by the driver. In some carbureted cars it is automatically controlled by a thermostat employing a bimetallic spring, which is exposed to engine heat, or to an electric heating element. This heat may be transferred to the choke thermostat via simple convection, via engine coolant, or via air heated by the exhaust. More recent designs use the engine heat only indirectly: A sensor detects engine heat and varies electrical current to a small heating element, which acts upon the bimetallic spring to control its tension, thereby controlling the choke. A choke unloader is a linkage arrangement that forces the choke open against its spring when the vehicles accelerator is moved to the end of its travel. This provision allows a flooded engine to be cleared out so that it will start. Some carburetors do not have a choke but instead use a mixture enrichment circuit, or enrichener. Typically used on small engines, notably motorcycles, enricheners work by opening a secondary fuel circuit below the throttle valves. This circuit works exactly like the idle circuit, and when engaged it simply supplies extra fuel when the throttle is closed. Float chamber: To ensure a ready mixture, the carburetor has a float chamber or bowl that contains a quantity of fuel at near-atmospheric pressure, ready for use. This reservoir is constantly replenished with fuel supplied by a fuel pump. Float: The correct fuel level in the bowl is maintained by means of a float controlling an inlet valve. The fuel arriving from the tank is held inside a constant level float chamber. The liquid pressure head on the various jets is relatively constant. The float chamber level is kept constant by means of a fuel inlet valve, actuated by a float that follows free surface of the liquid in the float chamber. As fuel is used up, the float drops, opening the inlet valve and admitting fuel. As the fuel level rises, the float rises and closes the inlet valve. By having a high float level, a greater fuel quantity is delivered compared to the case with a low float level, under all operating conditions and for all of the carburetors circuits. Vent Tubes: Usually, special vent tubes allow air to escape from the chamber as it fills or enter as it empties, maintaining atmospheric pressure within the float chamber; these usually extend into the carburetor throat. Placement of these vent tubes can be somewhat critical to prevent fuel from sloshing out of them into the carburetor, and sometimes they are modified with longer tubing. Notch Pin: With this type of carburetor, the maximum depression zone is beneath the throttle valve (slide) which is raised and lowered by the throttle cable, controlling the speed of the engine. As shown in the drawing, the bottom of the slide features a tapered needle which fits into the fuel pick-up tube (needle jet) to meter the fuel delivery of the tube from about 1/4 throttle to 3/4 throttle. From 3/4 throttle to full throttle, the needle will not affect the fuel flow. At this point, fuel flow is metered by the main jet (position at the bottom of the tube). The setting of the notch determines the amount of fuel being allowed to mix with the incoming air; notch 1 providing a lean mixture and richer mixture as we proceed to notch 4. Figure 11. Notch Pin Types of Carburetors: Carburetors can be classified into three types: Float Feed Suction Feed/Diaphragm Constant Vacuum/Constant Depression/Zenith-Stromberg The difference between these is the way the fuel is supplied to the Air Stream. Float Feed: Float feed carburetors are so named because they maintain a fuel staging area at approximately ambient pressure with a float valve. Fuel level is maintained to tight tolerances because fuel metering is a function of float level. Higher levels make it richer. Figure 12. Operation of needle valve As the fuel is drawn for the bowl area the float drops, opening the float valve. Then the fuel pump pressure causes the bowl to refill, floating the valve closed. Under normal operations the float valve remains slightly open to very open, keeping the level constant. Floats can be concentric or eccentric. Concentric are levers, first or second class, whereas eccentrics are a slide float. Floats can be adjusted by shims under the valve or by adjusting a valve contact tab. Floats need to be carefully inspected for leaks and possible deterioration. The main source of fuel metering force comes from the pressure differential between the low pressure area within the venture and the ambient pressure in the float chamber, or bowl. This is called air metering force. Figure 13. Air-metring force being applied Idle circuits will exist that feed fuel through separate ports. These are located just downstream of the throttle plate; there may also be transition ports to assist throttle transition from idle to midrange. Idle and transition ports will only be active when throttle plate is closed or transitioning (they function only when the throttle plate is causing high velocity air or flow close to the port and once the throttle plate opens enough, the port stops delivering fuel flow); these ports usually form a completely separate fuel circuit from the main fuel metering. They may also have air bleed systems. Figure 14. Demonstration of relation between Idle circuit and main throat operation Most of these carburetors are up draft or side draft, and the systems are identical with the position of the fuel discharge venturis and idle circuits upstream of the throttle valve, regardless of the airflow direction. Figure 15. An up-draft carburetor Disadvantages: The three major disadvantages of float carburetors are: Various flight attitudes may cause the float system to malfunction. Carburetor icing is most prevalent with this type. Fuel metering and throttle transition is less accurate. Suction Feed: Suction Feed Carburetor is very similar to the float type. The one exception is there is no float to meter and control the level of fuel in the fuel chamber. The difference in pressure between the tank and the carburetor throat lifts the fuel up the fuel pipe past the main needle valve and through the discharge holes. Figure 16. Suction Feed Carburetor Figure 17. Cold Start Figure 18. Idling Constant Vacuum: The constant vacuum carburetor has a rubber diaphragm exposed to the cylinder intake stroke vacuum on one side and to atmospheric pressure on the other. The diaphragm moves against the inlet needle (cylindrical slide valve) allowing it to move from its seat. A spring returns the needle (cylindrical slide valve) to its seat when the vacuum stops. Figure . A typical Constant Vacuum type carburetor A few advantages of Carburetors: Carburetors are much easier to adjust/less technical skills required Cheaper to repair rebuild Less special equipment required. Problems with Carburetors: Have mechanical parts due to wear and tear needs periodic adjustments and maintenance. Flexibility limitations. Intake manifold length problems in the case of multi cylinder engines Carburetors arent very efficient as they cant make changes on the fly like fuel injection can. Conclusions: Keeping in mind the advantages and disadvantages of carburetor, regardless of the constant n continuous effort to improve the basic design into the most efficient one, the carburetors have finally been replaced by the latest technology referred to as fuel injectors. These fuel injectors are of various types, GDI being a personal favourite and the best technology available in the market. The fuel injectors efficiently meter the appropriate amount of fuel hence reducing the exhaust emissions, fuel wastage, the harmful pollutants and giving the best fuel economy possible.

Investigating how the concentration of reactants affects the rate of re

Investigating how the concentration of reactants affects the rate of reaction Chemistry Coursework This experiment is aimed at investigating how the concentration of reactants affects the rate of reaction: The reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium will be used to investigate how different concentrations of the acid affect the rate of reaction. The gas produced from the reaction will be measured and used to display the average rate of reaction. The rate of reaction is a measure of how fast a reaction is going and how long it takes to complete. This rate is found by measuring the amount of a reactant used up per unit of time or the amount of a product produced per unit of time. For this reaction, the product will be measured, as this substance is the easiest and most accurate to measure. Scientific Knowledge: A reaction can be stimulated to go faster or slower by varying the temperature, the concentration of reactant and the surface area. For the magnesium and acid particles to react together, they must: i) Collide with each other ii) Have enough energy in the collision. 1) The particles in the liquid move around continually. Above, an acid particle is about to collide with a magnesium atom. 2) If the collision has enough energy, a reaction takes place. Magnesium chloride and hydrogen will be formed. 3) If the collision does not have enough energy, no reaction occurs and the acid particle will bounce away again. Particles need to collide with enough velocity so that they react. During a chemical reaction, the particles have to collide with enough energy to first break the bonds and then to form the new bonds and the rearranged electrons, so some of the particles do not have enough energy to react when... ...make a reaction take place. (The results from the second experiment were used in order to get a more accurate data collection.) Evaluation: For future experiments, it must be noted that the gas needs to be removed from gas syringe after each test, as this was one of the problems during the investigation. If the excess gas is not removed, the experiment begins and the results are completely out of range. It was felt that this experiment may have been easier with the aid of three people, as this would mean that there were not so many activities fro each person to record or read. In order to get a more accurate result, having recorded the measurements from the experiment, the results should have been averaged, instead of using only one set. For a full conclusion to be confirmed, more tests should have been carried out to provide enough evidence to support the argument.

The Success of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Essay -- American History,

In the 1600’s, two colonies were establishing themselves on the east coast of North America. In 1607, a group of merchants, known as the Virginia Company, settled at Jamestown, Virginia on the Chesapeake Bay (Divine, 72); while Puritan leader John Winthrop, stationed himself and his followers at Massachusetts Bay in 1630. (Divine, 90) Although both settlements started off relatively the same, the greater success of one over the other has caused continuous debates between many, including the descendants of these early Americans. Some might argue that the Virginia Colony was more successful than the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of the Virginia colonists’ motivation and interest in profit (Divine, 76). However, when efforts for income proved futile, this and survival became the colony's only interests. Therefore, Massachusetts proved itself to be the stronger colony and the most successful, as a result of its community development and social advancement, its economic growth, and the positive influence the government had on the Massachusetts Colony. Instead of having scattered villages like the Virginia colony, the people of the Massachusetts Bay Colony organized communities that were small and built close together. These centers were built so that villagers were able to complete a wide range of duties such as cultivating land or fetching lumber from forests (Divine, 94). This system was especially efficient for finishing these important tasks and allowing time for other agendas that were important to the colonists. The setup of the town was not just efficient. Families were able to live close together which helped create a sense of community among the people. Taverns and meetinghouses were commonly built in town, giving the ... ...ve in Virginia did not mean immigrants were free from its rule. Upon departing England, those leaving would take an â€Å"oath of allegiance and supremacy† (Virginia Ship’s List). This meant that the people owed their loyalty to the monarch of England, not to Virginia itself. The colonists of Virginia could have been frustrated that their head official was chosen by a single person, a person who had no place within their community. In fact, Berkeley, the governor the monarch of England elected, â€Å"brought high taxes on the people, increased his power at the expense of local officials and created a monopoly on Indian trade† (Divine, 85). This abuse of power is possibly one of the causes of rebellions, specifically Bacon’s rebellion. This republic government leading the Virginia Colony was an increasingly stark contrast to the Massachusetts’ Colony’s democratic government.

Four Phases of Business Cycle Essay

Business Cycle (or Trade Cycle) is divided into the following four phases :- Prosperity Phase : Expansion or Boom or Upswing of economy. Recession Phase : from prosperity to recession (upper turning point). Depression Phase : Contraction or Downswing of economy. Recovery Phase : from depression to prosperity (lower turning Point). Diagram of Four Phases of Business Cycle The four phases of business cycles are shown in the following diagram :- The business cycle starts from a trough (lower point) and passes through a recovery phase followed by a period of expansion (upper turning point) and prosperity. After the peak point is reached there is a declining phase of recession followed by a depression. Again the business cycle continues similarly with ups and downs. Explanation of Four Phases of Business Cycle The four phases of a business cycle are briefly explained as follows :- 1. Prosperity Phase When there is an expansion of output, income, employment, prices and profits, there is also a rise in the standard of living. This period is termed as Prosperity phase. The features of prosperity are :- High level of output and trade. High level of effective demand. High level of income and employment. Rising interest rates. Inflation. Large expansion of bank credit. Overall business optimism. A high level of MEC (Marginal efficiency of capital) and investment. Due to full employment of resources, the level of production is Maximum and there is a rise in GNP (Gross National Product). Due to a high level ofeconomic activity, it causes a rise in prices and profits. There is an upswing in the economic activity and economy reaches its Peak. This is also called as a Boom Period. 2. Recession Phase The turning point from prosperity to depression is termed as Recession Phase. During a recession period, the economic activities slow down. When demand starts falling, the overproduction and future investment plans are also given up. There is a steady decline in the output, income, employment, prices and profits. The businessmen lose confidence and become pessimistic (Negative). It reduces investment. The banks and the people try to get greater liquidity, so credit also contracts. Expansion of business stops, stock market falls. Orders are cancelled and people start losing their jobs. The increase in unemployment causes a sharp decline in income and aggregate demand. Generally, recession lasts for a short period. 3. Depression Phase When there is a continuous decrease of output, income, employment, prices and profits, there is a fall in the standard of living and depression sets in. The features of depression are :- Fall in volume of output and trade. Fall in income and rise in unemployment. Decline in consumption and demand. Fall in interest rate. Deflation. Contraction of bank credit. Overall business pessimism. Fall in MEC (Marginal efficiency of capital) and investment. In depression, there is under-utilization of resources and fall in GNP (Gross National Product). The aggregate economic activity is at the lowest, causing a decline in prices and profits until the economy reaches its Trough (low point). 4. Recovery Phase The turning point from depression to expansion is termed as Recovery orRevival Phase. During the period of revival or recovery, there are expansions and rise in economic activities. When demand starts rising, production increases and this causes an increase in investment. There is a steady rise in output, income, employment, prices and profits. The businessmen gain confidence and become optimistic (Positive). This increases investments. The stimulation of investment brings about the revival or recovery of the economy. The banks expand credit, business expansion takes place and stock markets are activated. There is an increase in employment, production, income and aggregate demand, prices and profits start rising, and business expands. Revival slowly emerges into prosperity, and the business cycle is repeated. Thus we see that, during the expansionary or prosperity phase, there is inflation and during the contraction or depression phase, there is a deflation.